Marxism–Leninism - Revision history

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	Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.		Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.
	==Development==		==Development==
	Marxism–Leninism was developed from [[Bolshevism]], a tendency named after the [[Bolsheviks\|Bolshevik]] faction of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] which was formulated by [[Vladimir Lenin]]. The tactics of Bolshevism were tested during three revolutions in [[1905 Russian revolution\|1905]], [[February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution\|early 1917]], and [[Great October Socialist Revolution\|late 1917]]. Through this, the world's arguably first [[socialist state]] was formed, the [[Russian Soviet Republic]] (eventually becoming the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in 1922).		Marxism–Leninism was developed from [[Bolshevism]], a tendency named after the [[Bolsheviks\|Bolshevik]] faction of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] which was formulated by [[Vladimir Lenin]]. Ideas of the Bolsheviks included the formation of a strong [[vanguard party]], [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], and [[aggravation of class struggle under socialism]]. The tactics of Bolshevism were tested during three revolutions in [[1905 Russian revolution\|1905]], [[February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution\|early 1917]], and [[Great October Socialist Revolution\|late 1917]]. Through this, the world's arguably first [[socialist state]] was formed, the [[Russian Soviet Republic]] (eventually becoming the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in 1922).

	Leninism as a distinct and higher stage of Marxism was defined by [[Joseph Stalin]] in his 1924 work ''[[Foundations of Leninism]]''. <!-- Perhaps mention Trotsky's "Bolshevik-Leninism." -->		Leninism as a distinct and higher stage of Marxism was defined by [[Joseph Stalin]] in his 1924 work ''[[Foundations of Leninism]]''. <!-- Perhaps mention Trotsky's "Bolshevik-Leninism." -->

	==Theory==		==Theory==
	{{Leninism sidebar}}		{{Leninism sidebar}}

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	Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.		Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.
			==Development==
			Marxism–Leninism was developed from [[Bolshevism]], a tendency named after the [[Bolsheviks\|Bolshevik]] faction of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] which was formulated by [[Vladimir Lenin]]. The tactics of Bolshevism were tested during three revolutions in [[1905 Russian revolution\|1905]], [[February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution\|early 1917]], and [[Great October Socialist Revolution\|late 1917]]. Through this, the world's arguably first [[socialist state]] was formed, the [[Russian Soviet Republic]] (eventually becoming the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in 1922).

			Leninism as a distinct and higher stage of Marxism was defined by [[Joseph Stalin]] in his 1924 work ''[[Foundations of Leninism]]''. <!-- Perhaps mention Trotsky's "Bolshevik-Leninism." -->
	==Theory==		==Theory==
	{{Leninism sidebar}}		{{Leninism sidebar}}

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Theory

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	==Theory==		==Theory==
			{{Leninism sidebar}}
	===Democratic centralism===		===Democratic centralism===
	{{Main\|Democratic centralism}}		{{Main\|Democratic centralism}}

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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* ~~{{cite web \|author=Joseph Stalin \|year=1924 \|title=The Foundations of Leninism \|website=Marxists Internet Archive \|url=~~https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/index.htm ~~\|accessdate=April 23~~, ~~2026}}~~		* [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/index.htm ''Foundations of Leninism''] (1924), by [[Joseph Stalin]]
	* ~~{{cite web \|author=Joseph Stalin \|title=Concerning Questions of Leninism \|website=Marxists Internet Archive \|date=January 25, 1926 \|url=~~https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1926/01/25.htm ~~\|access-date=April 23~~, ~~2026}}~~		* [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1926/01/25.htm ''Concerning Questions of Leninism''] (1926), by Joseph Stalin

	==References==		==References==

Planty at 15:40, 23 May 2026

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	{{Featured article}}		{{Featured article}}
	[[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg\|right\|thumb\|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism\|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]		[[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg\|right\|thumb\|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism\|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]

	'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.		'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.

	Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.		Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.

	==Theory==		==Theory==

	===Democratic centralism===		===Democratic centralism===
	{{Main\|Democratic centralism}}		{{Main\|Democratic centralism}}
	A Marxist–Leninist party is organized according to democratic centralism. This means that first the party democratically decides something, and then all members are required to follow that decision and not work against it. If members still disagree with the decision, they are expected to request to discuss the issue again, not to form a faction or another party.		A Marxist–Leninist party is organized according to democratic centralism. This means that first the party democratically decides something, and then all members are required to follow that decision and not work against it. If members still disagree with the decision, they are expected to request to discuss the issue again, not to form a faction or another party.

	===Vanguard party===		===Vanguard party===
	{{Main\|Vanguard party}}		{{Main\|Vanguard party}}
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	===Intensification of class struggle under socialism===		===Intensification of class struggle under socialism===
	Lenin and Stalin developed the concept that even after the proletarian revolution, bourgeois and other reactionary elements in society will not only continue to resist the construction of socialism, but increase their militancy many times over, aggravating class struggle.		Lenin and Stalin developed the concept that even after the proletarian revolution, bourgeois and other reactionary elements in society will not only continue to resist the construction of socialism, but increase their militancy many times over, aggravating class struggle.

	===Socialist commodity production===		===Socialist commodity production===
	Marxist–Leninist theory holds that the nature of commodity production is not strictly or ultimately a capitalist one, and that commodity production may still exist in the lower stage of socialism. In ''[[Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR]]'', Stalin stated that commodity production still existed in the Soviet Union but was distinct from commodity production under capitalism insofar as the other fundamental features of capitalist relations which would influence it were abolished, and commodity production itself long predated the capitalist mode of production.<ref>Joseph Stalin (1951). [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/index.htm ~~''Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR'']. Available on the Marxists Internet Archive.~~</ref>		Marxist–Leninist theory holds that the nature of commodity production is not strictly or ultimately a capitalist one, and that commodity production may still exist in the lower stage of socialism. In ''[[Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR]]'', Stalin stated that commodity production still existed in the Soviet Union but was distinct from commodity production under capitalism insofar as the other fundamental features of capitalist relations which would influence it were abolished, and commodity production itself long predated the capitalist mode of production.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Joseph Stalin \|year=1951 \|title=Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR \|website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] \|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/index.htm \|accessdate=April 26, 2026}}</ref>

	===Analysis of imperialism===		===Analysis of imperialism===
	Stalin maintained that Marxism–Leninism was the next stage in the development of Marxism, expanding theory for the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. The Marxist–Leninist understanding of imperialism is based on Lenin's analysis of the imperialist system as articulated in works such as Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. The Leninist conception of imperialism identifies several major features of imperialism, including the exportation of capital as opposed to the mere export of commodities and the merging of banking and industrial capital.		Stalin maintained that Marxism–Leninism was the next stage in the development of Marxism, expanding theory for the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. The Marxist–Leninist understanding of imperialism is based on Lenin's analysis of the imperialist system as articulated in works such as Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. The Leninist conception of imperialism identifies several major features of imperialism, including the exportation of capital as opposed to the mere export of commodities and the merging of banking and industrial capital.

	===National question===		===National question===
	The distinct definition for a nationality was developed by Stalin. He defined a nationality as a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, psychological makeup, and culture. Marxism–Leninism also established the concept of national self-determination and liberation.<ref>Joseph Stalin ~~(1913). [~~https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm ''Marxism and the National Question~~'']. Available on the~~ Marxists Internet Archive.</ref>		The distinct definition for a nationality was developed by Stalin. He defined a nationality as a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, psychological makeup, and culture. Marxism–Leninism also established the concept of national self-determination and liberation.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Joseph Stalin \|date=April 24, 1908 \|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm \|title=Marxism and the National Question \|website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]\|accessdate=April 26, 2026}}</ref>

	===Socialism in one country===		===Socialism in one country===
	{{Main\|Socialism in one country}}		{{Main\|Socialism in one country}}
	Socialism in one country was codified by the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin. This theory holds the socialism is able to be built in a single country or limited expanse of countries even if they are underdeveloped economically. After constructing socialism, the revolutionary country would be able to contend with the imperialist and capitalist states and assist revolutionary movements abroad. This theory is in direct conflict with the conception adopted by [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] and [[Left communism\|left communists]], who hold that a socialist revolution must take place simultaneously in multiple industrialized countries.		Socialism in one country was codified by the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin. This theory holds the socialism is able to be built in a single country or limited expanse of countries even if they are underdeveloped economically. After constructing socialism, the revolutionary country would be able to contend with the imperialist and capitalist states and assist revolutionary movements abroad. This theory is in direct conflict with the conception adopted by [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] and [[Left communism\|left communists]], who hold that a socialist revolution must take place simultaneously in multiple industrialized countries.

	===Lower and higher phases of socialism===		===Lower and higher phases of socialism===
	Marxism–Leninism separates socialism into two distinct phases or stages of development. The first being the ''lower stage'' of socialism, which emerges immediately after the socialist revolution and still bears certain features of the capitalist mode of production, such as commodity production, albeit in a different form. The second stage being the ''higher'' stage of socialism, also known as communism.		Marxism–Leninism separates socialism into two distinct phases or stages of development. The first being the ''lower stage'' of socialism, which emerges immediately after the socialist revolution and still bears certain features of the capitalist mode of production, such as commodity production, albeit in a different form. The second stage being the ''higher'' stage of socialism, also known as communism.

	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	{{Main\|Criticism of Marxism–Leninism}}		{{Main\|Criticism of Marxism–Leninism}}
	Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by many on the [[Leftism\|left]], with one of the most common criticisms (especially among [[Libertarian socialism\|libertarian socialists]]) being that the Soviet Union and other Marxist–Leninist states failed to create a communist society and instead created a hierarchical, bureaucratic dictatorship. [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] in particular call the Soviet Union, and what they term "[[Stalinism]]", a "[[degenerated workers' state]]".		Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by many on the [[Leftism\|left]], with one of the most common criticisms (especially among [[Libertarian socialism\|libertarian socialists]]) being that the Soviet Union and other Marxist–Leninist states failed to create a communist society and instead created a hierarchical, bureaucratic dictatorship. [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] in particular call the Soviet Union, and what they term "[[Stalinism]]", a "[[degenerated workers' state]]".

	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Bolshevism]]		* [[Bolshevism]]

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/index.htm ~~''Foundations~~ of Leninism~~''] (1924)~~, ~~by [[Joseph Stalin]]~~		* {{cite web \|author=Joseph Stalin \|year=1924 \|title=The Foundations of Leninism \|website=Marxists Internet Archive \|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/index.htm \|accessdate=April 23, 2026}}
	* [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1926/01/25.htm ~~''Concerning Questions of Leninism''] (1926)~~, ~~by Joseph Stalin~~		* {{cite web \|author=Joseph Stalin \|title=Concerning Questions of Leninism \|website=Marxists Internet Archive \|date=January 25, 1926 \|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1926/01/25.htm \|access-date=April 23, 2026}}

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	{{Leftist tendencies navbox}}		{{Leftist tendencies navbox}}
	[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]][[Category:Marxism]]		[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
			[[Category:Marxism]]

Wisconcom: Expanded article.

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Expanded article.

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	'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.		'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.

			Marxism–Leninism is among the most widespread communist ideologies and has served as the basis behind revolutionary movements since the early 20th century, being the line of the [[Communist International]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and other ruling communist parties worldwide.
	==Theory==		==Theory==
	===Democratic centralism===		===Democratic centralism===
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	===Lower and higher phases of socialism===		===Lower and higher phases of socialism===
	Marxism–Leninism separates socialism into two distinct phases or stages of development. The first being the ''lower stage'' of socialism, which emerges immediately after the socialist revolution and still bears certain features of the capitalist mode of production, such as commodity production, albeit in a different form. The second stage being the ''higher'' stage of socialism, also known as communism.		Marxism–Leninism separates socialism into two distinct phases or stages of development. The first being the ''lower stage'' of socialism, which emerges immediately after the socialist revolution and still bears certain features of the capitalist mode of production, such as commodity production, albeit in a different form. The second stage being the ''higher'' stage of socialism, also known as communism.
			==Criticism==
			{{Main\|Criticism of Marxism–Leninism}}
			Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by many on the [[Leftism\|left]], with one of the most common criticisms (especially among [[Libertarian socialism\|libertarian socialists]]) being that the Soviet Union and other Marxist–Leninist states failed to create a communist society and instead created a hierarchical, bureaucratic dictatorship. [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] in particular call the Soviet Union, and what they term "[[Stalinism]]", a "[[degenerated workers' state]]".
	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Bolshevism]]		* [[Bolshevism]]

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			{{Featured article}}
	[[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg\|right\|thumb\|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism\|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]		[[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg\|right\|thumb\|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism\|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]
	'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.		'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.

Wisconcom at 16:19, 28 April 2026

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
			{{Leftist tendencies navbox}}
	[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]][[Category:Marxism]]		[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]][[Category:Marxism]]

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Added sections.

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 [[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg|right|thumb|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]
 '''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism|reformist]] elements.
 ==See also==
 * [[Bolshevism]]
@@ Line 6: / Line 27: @@
 * [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/index.htm ''Foundations of Leninism''] (1924), by [[Joseph Stalin]]
 * [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1926/01/25.htm ''Concerning Questions of Leninism''] (1926), by Joseph Stalin
 [[Category:Left-wing ideologies]][[Category:Marxism]]

Wisconcom at 18:03, 23 April 2026

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	[[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg\|right\|thumb\|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism\|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]		[[File:Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin..jpg\|right\|thumb\|Depiction of the [[Classics of Marxism\|classical theorists]] of Marxism–Leninism — [[Marx]], [[Engels]], [[Lenin]], and [[Stalin]].]]
	'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[~~Reformist~~]] elements.		'''Marxism–Leninism''' ('''ML''') is a [[Communism\|communist]] ideology which advances the [[classical Marxism]] of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] to a new stage of development in the era of [[imperialism]] and [[socialist revolution]]. Marxism–Leninism was developed in the early 20th century by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and the [[Bolshevik Party]] in the context of fierce [[opportunism]] from the [[Second International]] which split the [[Socialism\|socialist]] movement between revolutionary and [[Reformism\|reformist]] elements.
	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Bolshevism]]		* [[Bolshevism]]